In a bold move that blends science fiction ambition with strategic foresight, China has launched a high-stakes mission to drill into the Earth’s crust beneath the ocean. Using its advanced deep-sea drilling vessel Meng Xiang (meaning “Dream”), China aims to penetrate the Mohorovicic discontinuity — or Moho — the boundary between the crust and mantle. This scientific endeavor, while decades in the making, is more than an academic pursuit. It’s a geopolitical and technological statement, aiming to secure energy, assert maritime power, and push China to the forefront of Earth sciences and resource exploration.

China’s objective to drill Earth’s crust: Reaching the Moho

The Moho lies between 5 to 10 km under the ocean floor and holds clues about Earth’s structure, continental drift, and geological processes. China’s goal is to retrieve direct samples and conduct on-site research, a feat never before achieved due to extreme pressure, temperature, and technical complexity.Drilling into the Moho could unlock answers about Earth’s formation and internal composition. For geologists, it is equivalent to exploring another planet without leaving home.

Meng Xiang: The dream vessel

Commissioned in late 2024, Meng Xiang is a 560-foot, 42,600-ton ship with a 36,000 ft deep-sea drill capacity. It can stay at sea for 120 days, house 180 personnel, and includes nine cutting-edge labs. The ship also recycles drilling mud and features automated core storage, highlighting China’s engineering prowess. Its ability to operate in typhoon-grade seas and recover samples in real time makes it one of the most advanced research vessels ever built. China sees it as the foundation for a new era of deep-ocean exploration.

A revival of project Moho

The Chinese initiative echoes the U.S.’s failed Project Moho from the 1950s and 60s and Russia’s Kola Superdeep Borehole. But unlike those, Meng Xiang operates from a ship and leverages thinner ocean crust to reach the Moho more efficiently. This makes China’s approach both innovative and pragmatic. Where others abandoned the challenge, China is embracing it with better technology and bigger ambitions. Success would mark a historic first in Earth science.

The Strategic stakes beneath the science

While framed as scientific, the project supports China’s broader energy and defense goals. Meng Xiang will search for oil, gas, and gas hydrates, bolstering China’s push for energy independence and dominance in deep-sea mining. These resources are crucial for rare-earth elements and fuel security. Access to such deep-sea resources could reshape global supply chains. At the same time, it gives China a platform to project power beneath the waves.

Navigating geopolitical waters

China’s plan unfolds in the contested South China Sea, raising alarms over maritime sovereignty. Previous Chinese rigs have provoked tensions with Vietnam and others. If perceived as a cover for expanding territorial claims, Meng Xiang may trigger diplomatic friction or surveillance by rival naval powers. Any scientific mission in disputed waters is bound to attract scrutiny. It could also spark international pushback if resource extraction is suspected.

A global scientific platform or a national power tool?

Although China claims Meng Xiang will support international collaboration, skepticism remains. Its multi-role capability makes it a dual-use asset that functions both as a research lab and a strategic vessel. How it is used in the coming years will determine if it is viewed as a tool for science or for geopolitical leverage. Transparency and open data-sharing will be key to earning global trust. Without it, Meng Xiang could become a flashpoint rather than a bridge between nations.

Science, strategy, or both?

By reaching for the Earth’s hidden depths, China is also reaching for scientific leadership and regional influence. Whether Meng Xiang becomes a symbol of international cooperation or contention depends on how its mission unfolds and how the world chooses to respond. In the end, the voyage to the center of the Earth may reveal more about the balance of global power than it does about the rocks below.